UNICEF: Tre megatrends udfordrer børn frem mod 2050

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Klimakriser, demografiske forandringer og den teknologiske udvikling forventes at blive de mest afgørende faktorer, der vil forme børns liv globalt i de næste 25 år. Det viser ny rapport, som UNICEF offentliggør i dag på Børnenes Dag.

On June 20, 2024, eight-year-old Ripa wades through the floodwater to stock up on food for her family from a half submerged local grocery store in Shimultala village, Companiganj, Sylhet.  Over 2,000,000 people, including over 772,000 children, are affected by the devastating floods in north-eastern Bangladesh. Children face heightened risks of drowning, malnutrition, waterborne diseases, and trauma from displacement. UNICEF is working with the Government of Bangladesh and local stakeholders to distribute safe water and emergency supplies to the affected communities.
On June 20, 2024, eight-year-old Ripa wades through the floodwater to stock up on food for her family from a half submerged local grocery store in Shimultala village, Companiganj, Sylhet. Over 2,000,000 people, including over 772,000 children, are affected by the devastating floods in north-eastern Bangladesh. Children face heightened risks of drowning, malnutrition, waterborne diseases, and trauma from displacement. UNICEF is working with the Government of Bangladesh and local stakeholders to distribute safe water and emergency supplies to the affected communities. © UNICEF/Goni

Særligt tre megatrends forventes at forme fremtiden for verdens børn. Det kræver en indsats, hvis børn og unges rettigheder skal beskyttes i en verden i forandring. Sådan advarer UNICEF i sin årlige rapport ’State of the Worlds Children’, der udkommer i dag på Børnenes Dag med titlen ’The future of childhood in a changing world’.

Dette års rapport tegner et billede af, hvordan verden vil se ud for børn i andet kvartil af dette århundrede – altså frem mod 2050. Rapporten identificerer tre megatrends og skitserer de udfordringer og muligheder, som børn og unge vil stå overfor. Det gælder klimakriser, demografiske forandringer og den teknologiske udvikling.

”De beslutninger, vi træffer i dag, vil definere den verden, vores børn og unge overtager. Derfor har vi et ansvar for at forstå og handle på de tendenser, der præger vores samtid – og det er vores pligt at tage de udfordringer op, som vil præge børns liv i generationer,” siger Susanne Dahl, generalsekretær i UNICEF Danmark.

Klimakriser rammer børn særlig hårdt

Klimakrisen er allerede alvorlig, og 2023 blev det varmeste år nogensinde. Frem mod 2050 vil børn opleve klimakriser i en helt anden skala, end vi ser i dag. Flere børn vil være udsat for ekstreme vejrforhold som hedebølger, oversvømmelser og skovbrande. 

Klimakrisen rammer børn særlig hårdt, fordi de har sværere ved at tilpasse sig de ekstreme forhold, de står overfor. Og kriserne forstærkes af sociale og økonomiske uligheder. Et barn, der vokser op uden adgang til sundhed, uddannelse og sikkerhed, vil blive langt hårdere ramt af klimaforandringer end et barn, der har adgang til disse basale goder. Dén ulighed har i særlig grad optaget den unge generation og givet dem en stærk stemme.

”Klimakrisen bringer os også sammen, på tværs af generationer. Vi har set unge mennesker verden over tage kampen op og kræve handling. De er fremtidens stemmer. Og vi voksne må lytte – ikke blot for at anerkende deres bekymringer – vi må også handle på de ting, de siger,” siger Susanne Dahl.

Global digital kløft

Den teknologiske udvikling ventes også at forandre fremtiden på afgørende vis og risikerer at skabe nye former for ulighed. Adgang til teknologi er globalt set skævt fordelt. Mens over 95 procent af befolkningen i højindkomstlande er forbundet til internettet, er tallet kun 26 procent i lavindkomstlande.

Også i Danmark kan teknologi skabe et A og et B-hold. For når vi taler om børns rettigheder i en teknologisk verden, taler vi også om retten til at kunne navigere sikkert og ansvarligt.

”Det er afgørende, at børn og unge ikke blot er passive brugere af teknologi – de skal inddrages og opmuntres til at forstå, hvordan teknologien virker, så de kan blive aktive og kritiske medskabere af den verden, teknologien former,” siger Susanne Dahl.

Rapporten anerkender dog samtidig, at nye banebrydende teknologier også medføre ny muligheder for børn og unge, der allerede bruger kunstig intelligens i apps, legetøj, virtuelle assister og spil.

Demografiske forandringer

Den tredje og sidste megatrend, der omtales i rapporten er de demografiske forandringer. I 2050 vil de største børnepopulationer findes i Afrika syd for Sahara og Sydasien. Samtidig ser vi en aldrende befolkning i andre dele af verden, hvor børns andel af befolkningen er faldende. 

Disse forandringer kræver en gentænkning af, hvordan ressourcer prioriteres, så alle børn har lige adgang til sundhed, uddannelse og trygge levevilkår.

”Vi ved, at uddannelse og sundhed for børn er den bedste investering. Med den rette støtte og de rette muligheder kan vi sikre, at børn og unge af i dag bliver de stærke, kreative og innovative voksne, vi får brug for i fremtiden,” siger Susanne Dahl.

Positive gevinster

Men også på dette punkt kan udviklingen bringe positive nyheder med sig. Børnedødeligheden ved fødslen forventes at falde. Og det fremskridt, som vi har set gennem de sidste 100 år i forhold til børns adgang til uddannelse, forventes også at fortsætte. Næsten 96 procent af børn globalt forventes at have mindst en grundskoleuddannelse i 2050'erne, hvilket er en stigning fra 80 procent i 2000'erne.

På samme måde fastslår rapporten, at de øgede investeringer i uddannelse og folkesundhed og strengere miljøbeskyttelse, på flere områder vil resultere i bedre livsvilkår for børn. F.eks. vil kønsforskellen i uddannelsesniveau blive mindre, og færre børn vil blive udsat for miljøfarer.

Rapporten konkluderer, hvor vigtigt det er, at børn og unges rettigheder efterleves i alle strategier, politikker og handlinger. Og den opfordrer til at imødegå de udfordringer og styrke de muligheder, som de tre megatrends udstikker, bl.a. ved at investere i uddannelse, sikre bæredygtige byer, styrke modstandsdygtigheden over for klimakriser og sørge for adgang til teknologi og sikkert teknologidesign til alle børn.

Kilder:

Fremskrivningerne I rapporten State of the Worlds Children er udarbejdet Wittgenstein Center for Demography and Global Human Capital på foranledning af UNICEF. Scenarierne er mulige udfald, ikke forudsigelser.

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Children learn using tablets during an e-learning session at Alshargia safe learning space, Kassala, Sudan.  Alshargia safe learning space or Makanna accommodates 631 children, including both displaced and host community, and has been operational since June 2023. The space, previously used as a school, has been transformed into a makanna due to the closure of schools following the outbreak of war. The facility is supported by four facilitators and assisted by 15 dedicated volunteers.
Children learn using tablets during an e-learning session at Alshargia safe learning space, Kassala, Sudan. Alshargia safe learning space or Makanna accommodates 631 children, including both displaced and host community, and has been operational since June 2023. The space, previously used as a school, has been transformed into a makanna due to the closure of schools following the outbreak of war. The facility is supported by four facilitators and assisted by 15 dedicated volunteers.
© UNICEF/Elfatih
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Children are having fun on a raft, after winning their cricket match, on the polluted Banani Lake in the Korail Slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 28 January 2024. Unfortunately, the lake is polluted with garbage. In addition, improper waste management and the presence of human waste in the lake that people live around are causing children to fall sick, have skin diseases, miss school and not have the chance to live up to their full potential. Safe sanitation is a critical need in the area. And to achieve this, UNICEF Bangladesh is launching a new sanitation project in partnership with the government - an innovative, climate-resilient solution for treating and reusing wastewater.
Children are having fun on a raft, after winning their cricket match, on the polluted Banani Lake in the Korail Slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 28 January 2024. Unfortunately, the lake is polluted with garbage. In addition, improper waste management and the presence of human waste in the lake that people live around are causing children to fall sick, have skin diseases, miss school and not have the chance to live up to their full potential. Safe sanitation is a critical need in the area. And to achieve this, UNICEF Bangladesh is launching a new sanitation project in partnership with the government - an innovative, climate-resilient solution for treating and reusing wastewater.
© UNICEF/Mawa
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Bangladesh Feni Flood August 2024 A father carrying his son through the flood water, in Feni.  Catastrophic floods in southeastern Bangladesh, particularly in Noakhali, Feni, and Khagrachari, are wreaking havoc, in August 2024.  Over 5M people across many districts, including 2M children, are grappling with the aftermath of these ruinous floods.
Bangladesh Feni Flood August 2024 A father carrying his son through the flood water, in Feni. Catastrophic floods in southeastern Bangladesh, particularly in Noakhali, Feni, and Khagrachari, are wreaking havoc, in August 2024. Over 5M people across many districts, including 2M children, are grappling with the aftermath of these ruinous floods.
© UNICEF/Mukut
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Aboya, 12, walks towards her school. Her school narrowly escaped the floods, allowing people affected by the floods to take refuge there: "When I saw the water invading our house, I was very worried. Now, my family and I are living temporarily in my school until the flooding stops. I'm due to return to school in a few days, but because of the flooding I don't know if that will be possible," says Aboya. The violent floods of recent days in the Gambella region of Ethiopia have affected more than 30,000 people and resulted in an alarming increase in the number of cases of malaria and diarrhoea, particularly among children. The village of Olow, located in the Jor district, has been particularly hard hit. Here, the main road as well as the village are flooded, forcing the inhabitants to take refuge in the nearby village school.
Aboya, 12, walks towards her school. Her school narrowly escaped the floods, allowing people affected by the floods to take refuge there: "When I saw the water invading our house, I was very worried. Now, my family and I are living temporarily in my school until the flooding stops. I'm due to return to school in a few days, but because of the flooding I don't know if that will be possible," says Aboya. The violent floods of recent days in the Gambella region of Ethiopia have affected more than 30,000 people and resulted in an alarming increase in the number of cases of malaria and diarrhoea, particularly among children. The village of Olow, located in the Jor district, has been particularly hard hit. Here, the main road as well as the village are flooded, forcing the inhabitants to take refuge in the nearby village school.
© UNICEF/Pouget
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