FONDATION-IPSEN
5.7.2016 12:39:16 CEST | Business Wire | Press release
The 27th annual Neuronal Plasticity Prize of the Fondation IPSEN will be awarded to three leading scientists for their pioneering work in the field of neuroenergetics: David Attwell (University College London, UK), Pierre Magistretti (Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, KAUST, Lausanne, Switzerland) and Marcus Raichle (Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA) . The prize will be awarded on July 5th , 2016 at the 10th FENS (Federation of European Neurosciences Societies) Forum of Neurosciences in Copenhagen by an international jury led by Nikos Logothetis (Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany).
Contribution of the three laureates to The understanding of Neuroenergetics
Our brain only represents 2% of our weight, yet it alone consumes 20% of
the oxygen and 25% of the glucose in our body. Initially, the scientific
community were of the opinion that this energy allocation was devoted to
functional activities of our brain (reading, thinking, making a
movement, etc.). However, in 1988, Marcus Raichle published data in Science
showing that these functions involved only 5% of the total energy in our
brain, the remaining 95% being for the basal functions: ensuring the
electrical and synaptic activity of the neurons. This discovery would
have been impossible without his major contribution to the development
of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional nuclear magnetic
resonance imagery (MRI). In 1988, in Nature
, he published the
first integrated strategy for producing and interpreting images of the
brain in activity.
These techniques were also vital to the work of
David Attwell. Using functional MRI together with electrophysiology,
Attwell showed that the grey matter containing the neuronal cellular
bodies consumes more energy than the white matter (Journal of
Cerebral Flow and Metabolism
, 2001). Myelinisation reduces the
energy cost of reestablishing membrane potential after an electrical
signal is propagated.
Thus, 100 billion neurons in our grey matter
require a phenomenal amount of energy to stimulate the 50 trillion
connections that they form. These functions are controlled by a tight
relation between the neurons and the glial cells, as shown by David
Attwell. The work of Pierre Magistretti has also revealed the importance
of neuron/astrocyte energy coupling for the functioning of the
stimulatory neuronal pathways (PNAS
, 1994), including those that
secrete glutamate. These neuronal pathways are the most energy
demanding. Once it is liberated in the synapse, the glutamate is
captured by the astrocytes to produce lactate. This energy substrate is
then transmitted to the neurons, which convert it very rapidly into
energy (Journal of Neuroscience
, 2011). This energy coupling is
vital for major cerebral functions like learning or memory (Cell
,
2011), and is also able temporarily to compensate the lack of glucose
occurring, for example, after a stroke (Stroke
, 2012).
Strokes
are characterised by an interruption to part of the cerebral
circulation, triggering the death of the first neurons located in the
nonirrigated area within only a few minutes. This sensitivity is due to
a combination of their high consumption of energy and their inability to
store energy. David Attwell and his team have further shown that the
neuronal cells are supplied more from blood capillaries than from
arteries and arterioles. They have shown that the pericytes, which wrap
around the cerebral blood capillaries, are able to control the blood
pressure, and hence to regulate the blood flow in the brain (Nature
,
2006). In the event of a stroke, these cells die quickly, permanently
affecting the cerebral blood circulation and eventually preventing the
complete recovery of the patient (Nature
, 2014).
Thus, the
research work carried out by the three laureates of the 27th Neuronal
Plasticity prize of the Fondation IPSEN has enabled new paradigms to be
established in neurosciences, which have both advanced our knowledge on
the functioning of the brain and opened up new perspectives in
biomedical research.
Jury
Nikos Logothetis
(Max-Planck Institute for Biological
Cybernetics, Tubingen, Germany),
President
Alim-Louis Benabid
(Clinatec-LETI-Minatec, CEA, Grenoble, France)
Joël
Bockaert
(CNRS UMR 5203, Montpellier, France)
Alexis
Brice
(CRICM UMRS 975 - Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris,
France)
Yves Christen
(Fondation IPSEN, Paris, France)
Stanislas
Dehaene
(Centre NeuroSpin, CEA/SAC/DSV/I2BM, Gift-sur-Yvette,
France)
Kjell Fuxe
(Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm,
Sweden)
Fred Gage
(Salk Institute for Biological
Studies, La Jolla, USA)
Ann Graybiel
(Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA)
Wolf Singer
(Max-Planck
Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany)
About the Neuronal Plasticity Prize
Founded in 1990, the Neuronal Plasticity Prize of La The Fondation IPSEN has been awarded to renowned specialists:
1990 ■ Neuronal grafting
Albert Aguayo (McGill
University, Montreal, Canada),
Anders Bjorklund (Lund University,
Lund, Sweden)
and Fred H. Gage (University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, USA)
1991 ■ Plasticity in the visual system
Ursula Bellugi (Salk
Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, USA)
, Wolf Singer (Max-Planck
Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany)
and Torsten N.
Wiesel (The Rockefeller University , New York, USA)
1992 ■ Interactions at the receptors level
Philippe Ascher
(Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France)
, Kjell Fuxe (Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden)
and Terje Lømo (University of
Oslo, Oslo, Norway)
1993 ■ Neuronal plasticity at the synaptic level in the hippocampus
and the cerebellum
Per Andersen (University of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway)
, Masao Ito (Riken Brain Science Institute, Wako Saitama,
Japan)
and Constantino Sotelo (INSERM Unité 106, Paris, France)
1994 ■ Neurotrophic factors
Mariano Barbacid (Bristol
Myers-Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, USA)
,
Yves-Alain Barde (Max-Planck Institute for Psychiatry,
Planegg-Martinsried, Germany)
and Hans Thoenen (Max Planck
Institute for Psychiatry, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany)
1995 ■ Cognitive processes in humans and primates
Jacques
Melher (Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France)
, Brenda
Milner (McGill University, Montreal, Canada)
and Mortimer Mishkin (National
Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, USA)
1996 ■ Axonal guidance
Friedrich Bonhoeffer (Max-Planck-Institute
for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany)
Corey S. Goodman (HHMI
– University of California, Berkeley, USA)
and Marc Tessier-Lavigne
(HHMI – University of California, San Francisco, USA)
1997 ■ Brain maps and their plasticity
Antonio R. Damasio
(University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA)
, Richard S.J. Frackowiak (Institute
of Neurology, London, UK)
and Michael M. Merzenich (University of
California, San Francisco, USA)
1998 ■ Formation of synapses at the molecular level
Heinrich
Betz (Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany)
,
Gerald D. Fischbach (Harvard University, Boston, USA)
and Uel J.
McMahan (Stanford University, Stanford, USA)
1999 ■ Animal models
Masakazu Konishi (California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena,
USA),
Peter Marler (University
of California, Davis, USA)
and Fernando Nottebohm (The
Rockefeller University, Millbrock, USA)
2000 ■ Neuromodulation in neuronal plasticity
Tomas Hökfelt (Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden)
, Lars Olson (Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden)
and Lars Terenius (Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden)
2001 ■ Psychological development in children
Albert M.
Galaburda (Harvard University, Boston, USA)
, John Morton (University
College London, London, UK)
and Elizabeth S. Spelke (Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA)
2002 ■ Stem cells in the central nervous system
Arturo
Alvarez-Buylla (University of California, San Francisco, USA)
,
Ronald D.G. McKay (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and
Stroke – NIH, Bethesda, USA)
, and Samuel Weiss (University
of Calgary, Calgary, Canada)
2003 ■ Motor control
François Clarac (INPC, CNRS,
Aix-Marseille II, Marseille, France)
, Sten Grillner (Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden)
and Serge Rossignol (Université de
Montréal, Montreal, Canada)
2004 ■ Triplet diseases and neuronal plasticity
James F.
Gusella (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA)
, Jean-Louis
Mandel (CNRS – INSERM - ULP Strasbourg, France)
and Huda Y.
Zoghbi (HHMI – Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA)
2005 ■ Motivation and associative learning
Ann M. Graybiel (Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA)
, Trevor W. Robbins (University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK)
and Wolfram Schultz (University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, UK)
2006 ■ Synapse protein complexes in neuronal plasticity
Eckart
D. Gundelfinger (Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg,
Germany)
, Mary B. Kennedy (California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, USA)
and Morgan Sheng (RIKEN – HHMI – Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA)
2007 ■ Neurophysiology of cognition
Nikos K. Logothetis (Max-Planck
Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany),
Giacomo
Rizzolatti (Universita di Parma, Parma, Italy)
and Keiji Tanaka (RIKEN
Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan)
2008 ■ Molecular targets of drugs abuse
Jean-Pierre Changeux (CNRS
URA – Institut Pasteur Paris, France),
Peter W. Kalivas (University
of South Carolina, Charleston, USA)
and Eric J. Nestler (The
University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, USA)
2009 ■ Brain-machine interaction
Alim-Louis Benabid (Inserm,
Unité 318, Grenoble, France),
Apostolos Georgopoulos (University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA)
and Miguel A.L. Nicolelis (Duke
University, Durham, USA)
2010 ■ Neuroendocrine control of behavior
Bruce S. McEwen (The
Rockefeller University, New York, USA
), Thomas R. Insel (National
Institute of Mental Health – NIH, Bethesda, USA)
, Donald W. Pfaff (The
Rockefeller University, New York, USA)
2011 ■ Music and brain plasticity
Helen J. Neville (University
of Oregon, Eugene, USA)
, Isabelle Peretz (University of Montreal,
Montreal, Canada),
Robert J. Zatorre (McGill University,
Montreal, Canada)
2012 ■ Epigenetics and brain function
Catherine Dulac (Harvard
University, Boston, USA),
Michael J. Meaney (McGill University,
Montreal, Canada),
J. David Sweatt (University of Alabama,
Birmingham, USA)
2013 ■ Mechanisms of memory
Tim V.P. Bliss (NIMR,
Division of Neurophysiology, London, UK),
Richard G.M. Morris
(University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK),
Yadin Dudai (Weizman
Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel)
2014 ■ Neuropsychology of drug addiction
Barry J. Everitt (Department
of Experimental Psychology ,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK),
George
F. Koob (Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders Dept., The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, USA),
Michel Le Moal (Unité
Neurogenèse et Physiopathologie, Inserm U862 – Université Bordeaux
Segalen, Bordeaux, France)
2015 ■ Genes, synapses, and psychiatric disorders
Mark F.
Bear (Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT - HHMI,
Cambridge, USA),
David J. Porteous (Institute of Genetics and
Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK),
Thomas
Bourgeron (UMR 3571 Gènes, synapses et cognition, Institut Pasteur -
CNRS, Paris, France)
2016 ■ Neuroenergetics
David Attwell (UCL
Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London,
London, UK),
Pierre
Magistretti (Brain Mind
Institute, EPFL, Switzerland and Division of Biology, KAUST, Thuwal,
KSA),
Marcus
Raichle (Department of Neurology
and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA)
About the Fondation IPSEN
Established in 1983 under the aegis of the Fondation de France, the ambition of the Fondation IPSEN is to initiate a reflection about the major scientific issues of the forthcoming years. The long-standing mission of the Fondation IPSEN is to contribute to the development and dissemination of scientific knowledge by fostering interaction between scientists and clinicians. It has developed an important international network of scientific experts who meet regularly at meetings known as Colloques Médecine et Recherche , dedicated to three main topics: neurosciences, endocrinology and cancer science. Moreover the Fondation IPSEN has started several series of meetings in partnership with the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, the Karolinska Institute as well as with the science journals Cell and Science . The Fondation IPSEN produced several hundred publications and more than 250 scientists have been awarded prizes and grants.
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